I-GUI: I-Graphical User Interface Ngokujulile

Umhlaba wekhompuyutha ngeke ufane ngaphandle kokusebenzelana kwezithombe noma ama-GUI. Kusukela kumakhompuyutha akudala kuya kuma-smartphone esiwaphatha emaphaketheni ethu, indlela esisebenzisana ngayo nobuchwepheshe ithuthuke ngenxa yalezi zinhlelo ezibukwayo. Wake wama ukuze uzibuze ukuthi kungani ukuvula uhlelo lokusebenza, ukuhambisa iwindi, noma ukuchofoza nje isithonjana kunembile?

Isihluthulelo yi-GUI, leyo sethi yezinto ezibonakalayo nezimiso zokuklama ezivumela noma ubani, kungakhathaliseki ulwazi lwakhe lobuchwepheshe, ukuthi axhumane nomshini. Ake singene kokuthi izixhumanisi zezithombe ziyini ngempela, ukuthi zibuguqule kanjani ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu namakhompyutha, izimiso zabo zokuklama, izakhi ezibalulekile, izinhlobo, nokunye okuningi. Ngiyaqinisekisa ukuthi ngemva kwalesi sihloko, uzobona izinto zakho zikagesi ngendlela ehlukile.

Iyini i-GUI noma i-Graphical User Interface?

I-graphical interface yomsebenzisi, evame ukwaziwa ngesifinyezo sayo se-GUI, isistimu yokubuka esebenzisanayo evumela abasebenzisi ukuthi baxhumane nekhompuyutha, uhlelo lokusebenza, nanoma iyiphi idivayisi yedijithali ngokusebenzisa izici eziyingcaca. Lezi zici, njengezithonjana, amawindi, amamenyu noma izinkinobho, zimelele ngokubonakalayo izenzo nolwazi olukhona, ngenhloso yokuvumela umsebenzisi ukuthi alawule isistimu ngendlela elula, enembile nephumelelayo.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-GUI ukuhumusha imisebenzi yesistimu eyinkimbinkimbi ibe izithombe, izimpawu nezenzo eziqondakalayo kunoma yimuphi umsebenzisi, ngisho noma bengenalo ulwazi lobuchwepheshe.. Ngamafuphi, yi- ibhuloho elibonakalayo phakathi kwabantu nemishini, esikhundleni semigqa yemiyalo emidala nefihlekile ngezindawo ezisebenziseka kalula, lapho yonke into ifinyeleleka kalula.

Umsuka kanye nokuvela kwama-GUIs

Izindlela zokuqala zokusebenzelana nekhompuyutha zazingokombhalo ngokuphelele futhi zazidinga imiyalo ethile yokuthayipha. (i-CLI edumile noma i-Command Line Interface). Lokhu kwakumela isithiyo esikhulu sokungena kweningi labantu, njengoba ochwepheshe kuphela ababekwazi ukuqonda futhi bakhumbule imiyalo efanelekile yomsebenzi ngamunye.

Ukuvela kwe-GUI kwashintsha indawoUmlando wayo usukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-60 lapho uDouglas Engelbart ethula uhlelo lwe-NLS, lapho imiqondo efana negundane namafasitela yayisivele ivela. Kodwa-ke, akugcinanga lapho ngeminyaka yawo-70 kanye nawo-80 lapho i-graphical interfaces yenza ukugxumela kumakhompyutha womuntu ngenxa yamaphrojekthi afana ne-Xerox Alto, Apple Macintosh, futhi kamuva, iMicrosoft. Windows.

• Ngo-1973, u-Xerox Alto wethula isingathekiso sedeskithophu kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamafasitela esibonakalayo esibonakalayo.
• Ngo-1984, i-Apple Macintosh yandisa ukusetshenziswa kwezithonjana namamenyu atholakala ngegundane.
• Windows 1.0 ngo-1985 nezinguqulo ezalandela zaba negalelo elikhulu ekumisweni nasekunwebeni kwe-GUI emhlabeni wonke.

Ngenxa yalokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo, ukusebenzisa ikhompuyutha kwafinyeleleka ezigidini zabantu, futhi izinhlelo zokusebenza zesimanje azikwazi ukuqondwa ngaphandle kwesixhumi esibonakalayo esicebile ngezinsiza ezibonakalayo.

Yini eyenza i-GUI ihluke: Izinzuzo kanye Nezinjongo

Izixhumanisi zomsebenzisi ezinemifanekiso azifuni nje ukuhlangabezana nesidingo sobuchwepheshe, kodwa ziphishekela izinjongo ezimbalwa ezibalulekile:

• Ukufinyeleleka Okubanzi: Noma ubani, kungakhathaliseki ulwazi lwakhe lwangaphambilini, angafunda ngokushesha ukusebenzisa isistimu yedijithali ngenxa yengxenye ebonakalayo ye-GUI. Ijika lokufunda lifinyezwe kakhulu.
• Intuition kanye nobulula: Ukusebenzisa izithonjana, amamenyu, nezingathekiso ezibukwayo kwenza izenzo zibikezeleke futhi zibe nengqondo, kugwema isidingo sokubamba ngekhanda imiyalo.
• Ukunciphisa Iphutha: Isethulo esibukwayo sisiza ukuvimbela amaphutha, njengoba umsebenzisi ehlale azi ukuthi yiziphi izinketho ezikhona kanye nesimo samanje sesistimu, futhi angakwazi ukuhlehlisa kalula izenzo.
• Umuzwa Ongcono Kakhulu Womsebenzisi (UX): I-GUI eklanywe kahle ingakha ukwethembeka komsebenzisi, iqinise isithombe somkhiqizo, futhi yenze uhlelo lukhange nakakhulu futhi lukhumbuleke.
• Ukuvumelana Nokujwayela: Ukusebenzisa amaphethini afanayo, izithonjana, nezakhiwo kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza noma amasistimu ahlukene kuvumela ukufunda ukuthi kudluliselwe phakathi kwezinhlelo, kube lula ukwamukelwa kwamathuluzi amasha.

Izinto Eziyisisekelo Ezenza I-GUI

I-graphical interface yomsebenzisi yenziwe izingxenye zegraphical ezihlukahlukene, ngayinye inomsebenzi othize. Ake sibuyekeze ezifaneleke kakhulu nokuthi zinikela kanjani kulwazi lomsebenzisi:

• IWindows: Lezi izindawo ezizimele eziwunxande eziqoqa ulwazi futhi zikuvumela ukuthi uphathe imisebenzi eminingi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ungakwazi ukuwahambisa, ushintshe usayizi, futhi uwavale njengamashidi ephepha kudeskithophu.
• Izithonjana: Izimpawu zezithombe ezimele izinhlelo zokusebenza, amafolda, amafayela, noma izenzo. Zivumela ukubonwa okusheshayo komsebenzi ohlotshaniswayo futhi ngokuvamile zisebenza yonke indawo (isibonelo, umgqomo wokugaywa kabusha noma idiski ukuze ilondolozwe).
• Amamenyu: Uhlu oludonsela phansi noma oluvelayo olunezinketho nemiyalo. Benza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlola nokwenza izenzo ngaphandle kokukhumbula amagama abo noma ukuzibhala.
• Amabha amathuluzi namamenyu wokuqukethwe: Lezi zinqamuleli zeqembu ziye emisebenzini evamile futhi zivumelanisa okuqukethwe ngokusekelwe kulokho umsebenzisi akwenzayo.
• Izinkinobho: Izinto ezingachofozwa ukuze wenze izenzo. Zenzelwe ukucacisa ukuthi zingasetshenziswa nini nokuthi zizokwenzani.
• Amabhokisi ezingxoxo: Amawindi azivelelayo acela ukuqinisekiswa, ukunikeza ulwazi, noma ukucela idatha kumsebenzisi.
• Amabha wokuskrola: Akuvumela ukuthi uzulazule ezindaweni zokuqukethwe ezinkulu kunendawo ebonakalayo.
• Isikhombi noma ikhesa: Ibonisa indawo esikrinini futhi ibonise ukugxila kokusebenzelana, kungaba ngegundane noma isikrini sokuthinta.

Inhlanganisela yalezi zakhi, kanye nesakhiwo esicacile nesinengqondo, yilokho okuchaza ulwazi oluhle lomsebenzisi.

Izinhlobo zesixhumi esibonakalayo somsebenzisi: Ngale kwe-GUI

Nakuba i-graphical interface yomsebenzisi idume kakhulu, akuyona ukuphela kwendlela yokuxhumana nemishini. Kunezinye izinhlobo zokuxhumana okufanele zaziwe ukuze uqonde umehluko nokuhambisana:

• I-CLI (I-Command Line Interface): Isekelwe emibhalweni futhi isekelwe emiyalweni ebhaliwe; inamandla kodwa ayifinyeleleki kakhulu kumsebenzisi ojwayelekile.
• I-VUI (I-Voice User Interface): Isixhumi esibonakalayo sezwi, lapho usebenzisana khona ngokukhuluma nabasizi ababonakalayo (isb., Siri, Alexa).
• I-NUI (I-Natural User Interface): Isekelwe ekuthinteni kwemvelo, ukubonwa kokunyakaza (isb. Kinect) noma ukukhohlisa okuqondile ngokuthinta.
• I-OUI (I-Organic User Interface): Ukuxhumana okuguquguqukayo, okuguquguqukayo noma lezo ezisizakala ngobuchwepheshe obufana neqiniso eli-augmented.

I-GUI iseyindinganiso, kodwa izinhlobo eziningi ziyahlanganiswa nsuku zonke ukuze kwenziwe ulwazi lomsebenzisi lube olumanzi futhi luvuleleke jikelele ngangokunokwenzeka.

I-GUI Design Izimiso: Yini Eyenza Ibe Enhle?

Ukuklama isixhumi esibonakalayo somsebenzisi Kuhilela okungaphezu kokufaka izinkinobho ezinhleKunezimiso ezimbalwa eziqondisa ukudalwa kwama-GUI asebenzayo, asebenzayo, futhi abukekayo:

• Ukulula: Isixhumi esibonakalayo kufanele sethule izinto ezibalulekile kuphela futhi sigweme imfuhlumfuhlu obonakalayo. I-elementi ngayinye kufanele ibe nenjongo ecacile.
• Ukucaca nokuhlukanisa: Izinto (izinkinobho, izinkambu, izithonjana) kufanele zibonakale lapho uthi shazi futhi zingalokothi zibangele ukungaqondakali.
• Ukungaguquguquki: Gcina izinto ezibukwayo ezingaguquki kanye namaphethini ohlelweni lonke ukuze umsebenzisi angaphinde afunde isikrini ngasinye.
• Inhlangano: Hlela ulwazi ngokunengqondo, ulandela amamodeli engqondo omsebenzisi kanye nokuzulazula okusizayo.
• Umnotho: Idizayini kufanele ikhulise ukusebenza kahle ngezimpawu zokubuka ezincane. Isibonelo, ngokuhlanganisa imisebenzi ehlobene noma ngokusebenzisa izithonjana ezijwayelekile.
• Impendulo Esheshayo: Isenzo ngasinye somsebenzisi kufanele sikhiqize impendulo ebonakalayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi samukelwe futhi saqondwa.
• Ukuvumelana nezimo kanye nokwenza kube ngokwakho: Ngokwezinga okungenzeka ngalo, isixhumi esibonakalayo kufanele sivumelane nokuthandwa ngumsebenzisi futhi sivumele ukuguqulwa okulula kwezinguquko.
• Ukufinyeleleka: Cabangela abasebenzisi abanamakhono ahlukene (ukubona, amakhono emoto, njll.) futhi wenze i-GUI isetshenziswe yibo bonke.

I-GUI elandela lezi zimiso ayisebenzi nje kuphela futhi ijabulisa ngobuhle, kodwa futhi iqinisa isithombe somkhiqizo nokwaneliseka komsebenzisi.

Umbala kanye Nobuhle ku-GUI

Ukusetshenziswa kombala ekuxhumaneni kwezithombe kungaphezulu kakhulu kwendaba yokuhlobisa; kuyisici esibalulekile ekuxhumaneni okubonakalayo.. Ukusetshenziswa kahle kwephalethi yombala kusiza ukuhlukanisa izigaba, kugqamisa izici ezibalulekile, futhi kudlulisele izimo zesistimu (isb., okuluhlaza ukuze kuphumelele, okubomvu ngephutha).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhethwa kwamafonti afundekayo, ukusetshenziswa kwesithonjana esingaguquguquki, nokuhlanganiswa kokugqwayiza okubushelelezi kunomthelela ekwenzeni okubonakalayo okukhangayo nobungcweti., ukugwema kokubili iziphazamiso ezidlulele kanye nomuzwa wokuqina ovamile wezinhlelo ezindala.

Izingathekiso Ezibonwayo kanye Nezibonelo Zengqondo

Esinye sezisekelo ze-GUI ukusetshenziswa kwezingathekiso ezibonakalayo, okungukuthi, izethulo eziyizithombe umsebenzisi azihlobanisa ngokushesha nezinto zomhlaba wangempela noma izenzo. Ngokwesibonelo:

• Ubhini wokulahla udoti: Ukuze ususe amafayela.
• Amafolda: Ukuhlanganisa imibhalo.
• Idiski: Ukugcina, nakuba namuhla kuyisici se-nostalgic.

Idizayini kufanele isize ukudala imodeli yengqondo ecacile yomsebenzisi, okungukuthi, ukumelwa okuhambisanayo kwangaphakathi kokuthi uhlelo lusebenza kanjani kanye nendlela yokufinyelela imisebenzi eyinhloko.Lokhu kufezwa ngokuhlela ulwazi nemisebenzi ngendlela ebikezelwayo nokuhlanganisa izinto ezifanayo ndawonye.

Isetshenziselwa ini i-GUI? Izindawo Zokusebenza

I-graphical interface ikhona ku cishe zonke izisetshenziswa zikagesi zamanje:

• amakhompyutha womuntu siqu: Windows, i-macOS, i-Linux nokuhluka kwakho kuncike ngokuphelele ku-GUI yokuphathwa kwefayela, ukumisa kanye nokwenziwa kohlelo.
• Izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula: I-Android ne-iOS ziletha ipharadigm ye-GUI entendeni yesandla sakho, ngokuthinta ukuthinta, izithonjana, noshintsho.
• Amathebulethi, ama-consoles nama-Smart TV: Ukusebenzisana ngamamenyu, izilawuli kude, noma izikrini zokuthinta ngeke kwenzeke (noma kungabekezeleleki) ngaphandle kwe-GUI ecatshangelwe kahle.
• Imishini yasendlini, amatheminali okudayisa (POS) kanye nezinhlelo zezimboni: Ngisho nezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zochwepheshe zisebenzisa ukuxhumana kwezithombe ukwenza lula ukusebenza nokunciphisa amaphutha.

I-GUI eklanywe kahle ayigcini nje ngokulula imisebenzi kodwa ingaguqula indlela ubuchwepheshe obubonwa ngayo, okwenza izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zibonakale zilula futhi zifinyeleleka.

GUI Design Abaphathi kanye Ochwepheshe

Ukuklama nokuthuthukiswa kwezindawo zokusebenzelana kwezithombe kuwumsebenzi wemikhakha eminingi. Amaphrofayili afana nalawa:

• Abaklami be-UI: Abaphethe ingxenye ebonakalayo, bakhetha imibala, i-typography, izithonjana kanye nesakhiwo.
• Onjiniyela bangaphambili: Benza i-interface isebenze futhi isebenze ngekhodi, iqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izenzo ezibukwayo zihumusheka ekusebenzeni kwangempela.
• Ochwepheshe be-UX (Isipiliyoni somsebenzisi): Bahlaziya ukuziphatha komsebenzisi futhi bafune indlela engcono kakhulu yokunikeza ulwazi olujabulisayo, olufundeka kalula, nolusebenzayo.

Kumaphrojekthi amakhulu, ochwepheshe bezengqondo, abacwaningi bokusebenziseka, nabahloli nabo bayabandakanyeka ukuze kucwengwe isixhumi esibonakalayo nokuhlonza izindawo zokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo.

Ukubaluleka kwama-GUI kuwebhu yesimanje kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza

Endaweni yanamuhla, ukuncintisana phakathi kwezinhlelo zokusebenza namawebhusayithi kushubile. Ucwaningo oluningi lubonise ukuthi abasebenzisi abangaphezu kuka-68% bashiya iwebhusayithi uma ulwazi lomsebenzisi, okuhlanganisa isixhumi esibonakalayo, singahlangabezani nalokho abakulindele. Akusanele ukuba nomkhiqizo osebenzayo; isixhumi esibonakalayo kufanele sibe:

• Enembile: Ukuthi umsebenzisi uthola lokho akufunayo kalula.
• I-Agile: Ngezikhathi zokulayisha ezincane kanye nokusabela okusheshayo ezenzweni.
• Ngezifiso: Ukuze isipiliyoni sivumelane nezidingo zomuntu ngamunye.
• Iyahambisana kuwo wonke amadivayisi nezinkundla: Ukugwema ukudideka nokwenza kube lula ukusuka kudeskithophu uye kuselula, isibonelo.

Ama-GUI, ekugcineni, ayisici esibalulekile empumelelweni noma ekuhlulekeni kwanoma iyiphi iphrojekthi yedijithali.

Indlela Yokwazi Uma I-GUI Isebenza: Ukuhlola Nokuthuthukiswa Okuqhubekayo

Ukuqinisekisa impumelelo ye-graphical interface, Kubalulekile ukuyiqinisekisa nabasebenzisi bangempelaPhakathi kwamasu avame kakhulu yilezi:

• Ukuhlola ngabasebenzisi abahlukahlukene: Amalungu omndeni, abantu obajwayele, noma abahloli abangochwepheshe, ukuze bathole ukuzulazula noma ubunzima bokuqonda.
• Ucwaningo lwamamethrikhi: Hlaziya izinga lokugxuma, isikhathi sokuhlala, nokuchofoza ukuze uhlonze izindawo zokulahlwa noma ukuthuthukiswa.
• Izinhlolovo kanye nempendulo eqondile: Buza ngokukhululekile mayelana nokusebenziseka kalula, ukucaca, nokwaneliseka kukonke.

I-interface eyenza imisebenzi ibe lula futhi enciphise izithiyo yileso egcina abasebenzisi bebuya futhi bencoma umkhiqizo.

Imithetho Egolide yokudizayina i-GUI

Ngenkathi kunezincomo ezingenakubalwa, kunemithetho emithathu ebalulekile yanoma yimuphi umklami we-GUI ofuna ukuyilungisa kahle:

• Nikeza ukulawula kumsebenzisi: Vumela izinketho zokwenza ngendlela oyifisayo, izenzo ezihlehliswayo, nenkululeko yokuhlola ngaphandle kwezinhlawulo ezinzima.
• Yehlisa umthwalo wenkumbulo: Umsebenzisi akufanele akhumbule noma iyiphi idatha noma izinqubo; konke kufanele kubonakale, kufinyeleleke, kanye nezimo.
• Funa ukuvumelana okuphezulu: I-interface kufanele isebenze ngokufanayo (futhi kahle) kuzo zonke izigaba nezimo.

Amaphethini Wokuklama kanye Nemihlahlandlela Yesitayela Ku-Graphical Interfaces

Iningi lezindawo zokusebenzelana eziphumelelayo azilisunguli kabusha isondo layo yonke imininingwane, kodwa kunalokho zisebenzisa amaphethini edizayini afakazelwe. Lawa maphethini ayizixazululo eziphindelelayo zezinkinga ezijwayelekile zokusebenzisana. Ngokwesibonelo:

• Amamenyu e-Hamburger kumakhalekhukhwini ukukhulula isikhala kanye nezinketho zokubonisa.
• Ama-snackbar noma izaziso eziqhamukayo ukukhombisa imilayezo yengqikithi ngaphandle kokuphazamisa umsebenzi oyinhloko.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iziqondiso zesitayela, njengoba wedizayini o Apple Human Interface Guidelines, Misa imithetho yokubukwayo neyokusebenzelana ukuze ugcine ukuvumelana nanoma amaqembu ahlukene okuklama nentuthuko ehilelekile..

Amaphutha Ajwayelekile ku-GUI Design

Ngisho nezinhloso ezinhle kakhulu zingaholela ekusebenzelaneni okudidayo, okunensayo, noma okukhungathekisayo.Amanye amaphutha ajwayelekile okufanele uwagweme:

• Ukugcwala kolwazi: Ifuna ukukhombisa yonke into ngesikhathi esisodwa futhi udale udonga olubonakalayo lwezinketho.
• Isithonjana esingacacile noma esingahambisani: Izithonjana ezihlukene zomsebenzi ofanayo ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zesistimu.
• Ukungabi nempendulo: Ukungatsheli umsebenzisi ukuthi isenzo sibe yimpumelelo noma kube nenkinga.
• Ayinaki ukufinyeleleka: Umbhalo omncane, onokugqama okuphansi noma imiklamo engabafanele abantu abakhubazekile.
• Ziba ukujwayela kweselula: Awucabangi ngokusebenziseka kumasayizi wesikrini abehlukene.

Ikusasa Le-Graphical Interfaces

Ama-GUI asekuthuthukisweni okuqhubekayoNakuba kugxilwe ekusebenziseni kalula nesivinini, amathrendi amasha nobuchwepheshe buyavela:

• Ukuhlanganiswa kobuhlakani bokwenziwa: Abasizi abahlakaniphile ngaphakathi kwesixhumi esibonakalayo abalindele izidingo.
• Izingxoxo namadivayisi amaningi: Ingxube yezwi, umbhalo kanye nezithombe.
• Ukuxhumana okuguquguqukayo nokwenza ngokwezifiso ngesikhathi sangempela: Isistimu ifunda kumsebenzisi ngamunye futhi ilungise ukuzizwisa.
• Okungokoqobo okungathandwa kwabathelisi esikubona: Ama-GUI aseqala ukuba yingxenye yezindawo zokucwiliswa lapho ukusebenzisana kuyi-3D.

Umgomo uhlala ufana: ukunciphisa ibanga phakathi kobuchwepheshe nabantu, ukwenza umuzwa ube obala futhi wemvelo ngangokunokwenzeka.I-GUI isici esenza isistimu izizwe ijwayelekile futhi isebenziseka kalula. Ngemuva kwayo yonke inkinobho, iwindi, nesithonjana, kunesayensi nobuciko bomuntu obujulile, obuklanyelwe ukwenza izimpilo zethu zibe lula futhi zibe mnandi kakhulu.