Inkanyezi: Konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana ne-IP PBX yomthombo ovulekile

Uyalazi igama elithi Asterisk futhi ungathanda ukuqonda, unomphela, ukuthi liyini, lihloselweni, nokuthi lingayishintsha kanjani indlela izinkampani nezinhlangano ezixhumana ngayo? Namuhla sichaza konke kuwe, ngendlela elula futhi sisebenzisa indlela yemvelo neqondile ngaphandle kwezinkinga zobuchwepheshe ezingadingekile kodwa ngokuqiniswa, imininingwane kanye nezibonelo eziningi ezisebenzayo.

Kulesi sihloko, uzohlola umhlaba we-IP telephony, isofthiwe yamahhala, kanye nama-PBX ahlakaniphile, uthole ukuthi i-Asterisk iguqule kanjani umhlaba webhizinisi kanye nokuxhumana komuntu siqu. Uma wake wazibuza ukuthi izikhungo zezingcingo zisebenza kanjani, ukuthi amakhulu ezandiso zefoni aphathwa kanjani ezinkampanini zamazwe ngamazwe, noma ufuna nje ukufunda ngamandla nokuguquguquka kwezixazululo zomthombo ovulekile, qhubeka ufunda futhi uzobona ukuthi kungani i-Asterisk ingenye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu kulo mkhakha…

Yini i-Asterisk?

I-Asterisk iyisofthiwe yomthombo ovulekile eyenzelwe ngqo ukuhlinzeka ngazo zonke izici ze-telecom exchange (PBX), kodwa ilethwe emhlabeni wedijithali kanye ne-IP. Kwavela ngo-1999 engqondweni kaMark Spencer enkampanini i-"Linux Support Services", eyaba yinkampani kamuva. I-Digium (iwebhusayithi esemthethweni), futhi umgomo wayo oyinhloko kwakuwukuhlinzeka izinhlelo ze-GNU/Linux ngesisombululo sokuxhumana sobungcweti esinamandla, esinwebekayo, nesingabizi kakhulu kunezinkinobho zokushintsha zendabuko.

Ngenxa yefilosofi yayo yomthombo ovulekile ngaphansi kwelayisensi ye-GPL, i-Asterisk iyatholakala kunoma ubani ukuthi ayisebenzise, ​​ayiguqule, ayivumelanise, futhi adale izinhlelo zokuxhumana eziyinkimbinkimbi ngempela ezisekelwe kuyo. Igama layo selifana nesofthiwe yobungcweti ye-VoIP (Voice over IP), okuyiyona ejwayelekile emhlabeni wonke, futhi isetshenziswa amabhizinisi amancane kanye nezinkampani ezinkulu, izikhungo zokushaya ucingo ngisho namahhotela noma izikhungo zemfundo.

Kungani i-Asterisk ishintshe kakhulu ucingo?

Ngaphambi kokufika kwe-Asterisk, ama-switchboard ocingo ayevaliwe, ebiza kakhulu, futhi amadivayisi engaguquki. Inkanyezi ishintshe imithetho yomdlalo, yavumela i-PC noma iseva evamile ukuba ibe yi- isikhungo sezinzwa sazo zonke izingcingo zenkampaniukuphatha izingcingo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle, ukuhlanganisa kalula ukuxhumana kweselula, okungaguquki kanye ne-VoIP, futhi konke lokhu ngezindleko ezingaphansi kakhulu kwezinhlelo zendabuko.

Isihluthulelo sempumelelo ye-Asterisk sisekukhuleni kwayo, ukuguquguquka, kanye namakhono okwenza ngokwezifiso angenamkhawulo. Ungayisebenzisa ukuhlanganisa ibhodi elincane lokushintsha ucingo elinezandiso ezimbalwangisho nokuphatha izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu izinkulungwane zabasebenzisi nezindawo ezisakazeke emhlabeni wonkeKonke lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi uhlelo luvumelane nezidingo ezithile zenhlangano ngayinye.

Izici eziyinhloko kanye nezinzuzo ze-Asterisk

I-Asterisk ivelele ngokunikeza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene eyayitholakala kuphela ezinkampanini ezinkulu ezinesabelomali esiphezulu. Sizobuyekeza ezibaluleke kakhulu:

• Ibhodi lokushintsha le-IP noma i-PBX yedijithali: Umsebenzi wayo oyisisekelo ukusebenza njengomlamuleli kanye ne-router yazo zonke izingcingo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle, isebenza njenge-switchboard yedijithali enokusekelwa okugcwele kwe-VoIP kanye ne-telephony yendabuko.
• Isofthiwe yamahhala: Inelayisensi ngaphansi kwe-GPL, ingumthombo ovulekile futhi umphakathi wayo wamazwe omhlaba uvumela ukuvela okuqhubekayo kanye nentuthuko.
• Ukusabalala okuphelele: Kusukela ezinkampanini ezinabantu ababili kuya ezinkampanini eziningi ezinezinkulungwane zezandiso, noma ubani angayisebenzisa ngaphandle kokushintsha izixazululo.
• Ukuhambisana kwe-Cross-platform: Nakuba intuthuko yayo yendabuko iku-GNU/Linux, kukhona nezinguqulo ze-BSD, Mac OS, Solaris kanye Windows.
• Ukuvumelana nezimo: Ikuvumela ukuthi uphathe izindawo eziningi futhi uhlanganise nazo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza zebhizinisi kanye nezindawo (i-CRM, ama-ERP, izinhlelo zokusebenza ezenziwe ngokwezifiso…)
• Ukonga izindleko okukhulu: Imali ekhokhwayo ephezulu kanye nokuthembela kwezobuchwepheshe ezinhlelweni ezizimele kuyasuswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Ukwehla kwezindleko zokushaya ucingo kanye nengqalasizinda kubaluleke kakhulu.

Izinqubo ezihambisanayo kanye nokuzivumelanisa nobuchwepheshe

I-Asterisk iyakwazi ukusebenza nezinqubo eziyinhloko ze-IP telephony, okuqinisekisa ukuhambisana okucishe kube yindawo yonke nama-terminals namanethiwekhi:

• I-SIP (Session Initiation Protocol): Iphrothokholi eyinhloko ku-IP telephony.
• IAX (Inter-Asterisk eXchange): Okuqondene ne-Asterisk, okugxile ekwenzeni ngcono ukuxhumana phakathi kwamaseva e-Asterisk.
• H.323: Kusetshenziswa ezindaweni eziningi zezinkampani kanye nezinkampani ezithwala impahla.
• I-MGCP: Iphrothokholi ehambisanayo ekushintshisaneni kwedijithali.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iyakwazi ukuhlanganiswa nefoni yendabuko (i-analog kanye ne-ISDN), okuvumela ukufuduka kwengqalasizinda okuqhubekayo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa utshalomali lwangaphambilini noma ukuphazamisa isevisi. Ukuze kuhlanganiswe ngokomzimba nemigqa ye-analog noma yedijithali, amakhadi athile ehadiwe (FXO/FXS) angadingeka, kodwa ukucushwa kuhlala kuguquguquka futhi kungokwemodular.

Izingxenye zesistimu kanye nokwakheka kwayo

• Umongo: Injini ephakathi lapho kuhlala khona i-Asterisk logic.
• Amamojula: Izinhlelo ezincane ezandisa ukusebenza okuyinhloko.
• Amafayela wokumisa: Amafayela afana sip.conf, izandiso.conf, i-voicemail.conf y i-asterisk.conf ezivumela ukuchaza isici ngasinye sokusebenza.
• Imitapo yolwazi kanye nabashayeli: Izinto ezifana Libpri (Izixhumanisi zedijithali ze-ISDN), I-Libyax (iphrothokholi ye-IAX), I-DAHDI (ihadiwe, eyayibizwa ngokuthi i-ZAPTEL), kanye Umsindo (imisindo eqoshiwe kanye nama-voiceover ngezilimi ezahlukene).
• Izengezo: Ukuze uthole imisebenzi ethuthukisiwe noma ukuhlanganiswa nezizindalwazi, ifeksi, i-CRM, imiyalezo, njll.

Lo mklamo we-modular ukuvumela ukuthi uqale ngezinto eziyisisekelo bese wengeza noma ususe izici njengoba inkampani yakho idinga.

Imisebenzi eyinhloko nethuthukisiwe ye-Asterisk

I-Asterisk ayigcini ngokuba yi-PBX yendabuko. Amandla ayo awukuthi iyakwazi ukulingisa nokwedlula noma yikuphi ukusebenza kwabancintisana nabo futhi iqhubekele phambili kakhulu:

• I-voicemail enokulethwa kwe-imeyili: Umsebenzisi ngamunye angaba ne-voicemail yakhe, egcwele izaziso ezizenzakalelayo kanye nokudluliselwa kwemiyalezo njengezinamathiselo ze-imeyili.
• Umqhubi Ozenzakalelayo (IVR): Izinhlelo zesevisi yocingo ezizenzakalelayo ezinezinketho zemenyu kanye nokuzulazula okulula ukuze ikhasimende likwazi ukufinyelela ngokushesha emnyangweni ofanele.
• Ukusabalalisa Izingcingo Okuzenzakalelayo (i-ACD): Ikuvumela ukuthi usabalalise ngobuhlakani izingcingo phakathi kwama-ejenti atholakalayo ngokusekelwe ezindinganisweni eziningi kanye nemithetho yangokwezifiso.
• Uhlelo lokufaka umugqa: Nika abasebenzisi abalindile ku-ejenti efanele, enomculo noma imiyalezo eyenzelwe wena, ukuze baphathe kahle izingcingo eziningi.
• Izinkomfa: Amakamelo abonakalayo emihlangano yemihlangano eminingi anamakhono okurekhoda, ukulawula abahlanganyeli, ukuthulisa, nezinye izinketho.
• Ukuphathwa kwezingcingo okuphelele: Ukudluliselwa kwemali, ukuqoqwa kwezimpahla, ukudluliselwa kwezingcingo, ingqungquthela eqondile, ukushaya ucingo lweqembu, ukushaya ucingo oluthile, ukushaya ucingo emuva, izimemezelo zekheli lomphakathi, njll.
• Ukuhlanganiswa nama-softphone kanye namafoni aphathekayo: Kungenzeka ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza/isofthiwe yocingo noma amadivayisi e-IP noma e-analog.
• Ukulawula ucingo nokungena ngemvume: Ukukhiqizwa kwemibiko enemininingwane, isitoreji sedatha (i-CDR), izibalo zokusetshenziswa, kanye nezilinganiso zokunakekelwa okubalulekile.
• Umzila oguquguqukayo: Amasu okusabalalisa izingcingo eziningi (okungahleliwe, okujikelezayo, okungasetshenziswa kakhulu, ukukhala okuvamile, njll.)
• Ukuhlanganiswa kwamapulatifomu amaningi: Amathuba okuxhumana nokuhlanganiswa nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zebhizinisi nezokulawula (i-CRM, izixazululo zamafu, izinhlelo ezindala…)
• Ukudlulisa ikhodi ye-codec: Ukuhumusha okuzenzakalelayo phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zokufaka ikhodi yomsindo ukuze kuhambisane kahle kakhulu.
• Izici zokuphepha ezithuthukisiwe: Ukuqinisekisa, ukubethela, uhlu lokufinyelela, kanye nokuqapha okuqhubekayo kwesistimu.
• Shayela Indawo Yokupaka: Ushiya ucingo "lupakile" ukuze uluphendule kusuka kwesinye isandiso.

Le misebenzi ayifinyeleleki ezinkampanini ezinkulu kuphela, kodwa nakunoma yimuphi uchwepheshe onekhono lokuhweba, njengoba isithiyo sezomnotho kanye nobunzima sincishiswa kakhulu ngokunganciki kumhlinzeki ongumnikazi.

Ukuhlanganiswa nobuchwepheshe obukhona kanye nehadiwe

Esinye isihluthulelo sempumelelo yayo sisekuhlanganisweni kwayo kalula nengqalasizinda ekhona. Isebenzisa amakhadi kagesi kanye nama-adapter e-FXO/FXS, i-Asterisk ingaxhuma imigqa yocingo ye-analog noma yedijithali futhi isebenze kanyekanye ne-IP telephony, okuvumela ukuguquka kancane kancane engqalasizinda yokuxhumana yenkampani.

Ukuhambisana kudlulela kumafoni avamile, amadivayisi eselula, ama-softphone e-PC namathebhulethi, izixazululo ze-Wi-Fi, izandiso ezikude, nokunye okuningi. Uma ungathanda ukwandisa ulwazi lwakho ngokuxhumeka ngokomzimba kanye nokuxhuma izintambo zokusebenzisa i-Asterisk, ungase ube nentshisekelo ku... Lesi sihloko sichaza ukuthi iyini ikhebula le-UTP..

Uhlelo luphinde luvumele ukusetshenziswa kwezixhumi ezibonakalayo ezifana ne-FreePBX, i-Issabel, i-Elastix noma i-TrixBox ukuze kube lula kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa.

Ukusatshalaliswa okuyinhloko nezixazululo ezisekelwe ku-Asterisk

Indawo yokusebenza ye-Asterisk inkulu kakhulu kangangokuthi kuye kwavela amaphrojekthi amaningi kanye nokusatshalaliswa okwenza kube lula ukufakwa kwayo kanye nokuphathwa kwayo, ngokuvamile okwenzelwe abasebenzisi abangochwepheshe kangako.

• Mahhala: I-interface enembile kakhulu yokuphatha ama-Asterisk PBX ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuhlela amafayela ombhalo.
• U-IsabelNgokusekelwe ku-Elastix, ingenye yezixazululo ezibanzi kakhulu "zonke-ku-nye", futhi ihlanganisa imisebenzi ye-CRM kanye nemiyalezo.
• I-Elastix: Ukusatshalaliswa okudumile kakhulu okuhlanganisa i-FreePBX, ukwesekwa kwemiyalezo, i-fax, kanye ne-CRM.
• I-TrixBox: Ukusatshalaliswa okusekelwe ku-Asterisk kuqondiswe ezindaweni zebhizinisi ezinabasebenzisi abangafika ku-250.
• I-PBXware (i-Bicom): Ipulatifomu eguquguqukayo neqondakala kalula eyenzelwe ukuthunyelwa kwebhizinisi okusheshayo.
• Inkanyezi MANJE: Isixazululo esidalwe yi-Digium esinikeza ukufakwa okulula nokusheshayo kwe-Asterisk ngamathuluzi engeziwe.
• I-Alpine Linux: Ukusatshalaliswa okulula nokuphephile kwamaseva e-VoIP asebenza kahle kakhulu.

Zonke lezi zinkundla zisebenzisa injini ye-Asterisk futhi zenza kube lula ukuzisebenzisa ngisho nakulabo abangenalo ulwazi oluthuthukisiwe lwefoni.

Ukuqhathaniswa kwe-Asterisk ne-PBXs ezimele

• Izindleko: Kunciphisa kakhulu utshalomali futhi kususa izimali zokwandisa noma izici ezengeziwe.
• Ukuvumelana nezimo: Ikuvumela ukuthi uhlele futhi wenze ngezifiso imithetho, amamenyu, umzila, kanye nokuhlanganiswa ngaphandle kokuthembela kubahlinzeki abavaliwe.
• Ukwesekwa komphakathi: Inezinkulungwane zabasebenzisi emhlabeni wonke, imibhalo eminingi, kanye nezinkampani ezigxile ekusekelweni kobuchwepheshe.
• Ukuvuselelwa: Njengoba iyisofthiwe yomthombo ovulekile, ithola ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kanye nama-patches, ngokungafani nezinhlelo ezizimele ezivame ukuma.

Ubunzima bokuqala ekusethweni bungabhekwa njengobuthakathaka obuncane, kodwa buvinjelwa yizixhumi zesithombe kanye nokuqeqeshwa okukhona.

Ukuphepha ku-Asterisk

Emkhakheni wezokuxhumana kwebhizinisi, ukuphepha kuyinto eza kuqala. I-Asterisk, njengoba iyisofthiwe yamahhala nevulekile, ivumela ukuhlolwa nokuqinisa zonke izingxenye zayo. Ihlanganisa ubuqiniso, ukubethela, ukulawula ukufinyelela, kanye nezindlela zokuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela ukuze kutholakale ngokushesha izinsongo noma ukwehluleka.

Ukuqapha nokubambisana komphakathi kusho ukuthi ubuthakathaka obuningi buyatholakala futhi bulungiswe ngaphambi kwezixazululo ezivaliwe.

Ukuhlanganiswa ne-Cloud PBX, ama-CRM kanye nezinhlelo zamafu

Ikusasa lokuxhumana ngefoni lisekuhlanganisweni nezinsizakalo zamafu kanye namapulatifomu okuphatha ibhizinisi. I-Asterisk ingasebenza ezindaweni zasendaweni noma zamafu, okuvumela ukucushwa okuguquguqukayo, ukukala izinsiza kalula, kanye nokufinyelela okukude kusuka noma kuphi.

Ukuhambisana kwayo nama-CRM, izizindalwazi, nezinye izinhlelo zokuphatha kwenza i-Asterisk ibe yitshe lesisekelo lokuxhumana kwezinkampani zanamuhla.

Amacala okusetshenziswa: indlela izinkampani nezinhlangano ezisebenzisa ngayo i-Asterisk

I-Asterisk iyindlela ekhethwayo yamahhovisi amancane, izikhungo zezingcingo, amahhotela, amanethiwekhi emitholampilo, izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe, kanye nezinkampani ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe njenge-Google, i-IBM, ne-Yahoo. Ngisho nebutho lase-US liyisebenzisela ukuxhumana kwangaphakathi.

Izimo eziyinhloko zokusetshenziswa zifaka:

• Ama-switchboard efoni ezinkampani, kokubili i-IP kanye nendabuko
• Izikhungo zokushaya ucingo ezinezinhlelo zomzila ezithuthukisiwe kanye nokufaka umugqa
• Isevisi ezenzakalelayo namamenyu e-IVR ashibhile
• Amahhotela nezitolo ezinkulu ezinokuphathwa kokwandiswa okuhlanganisiwe
• Ukuhlanganiswa phakathi kwezindawo eziningi zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nabasebenzi bezingcingo
• Ukuqapha nokuqopha izingcingo nokuxhumana
• Amakamelo emihlangano ebonakalayo anokufinyelela komhlaba wonke

Uhlelo lwebhizinisi lwe-Asterisk: izinsizakalo kanye nokusekelwa

Ukwanda kwe-Asterisk kuholele ezinkampanini eziningi ezikhethekile ezinikeza izinsizakalo ezifana nalezi:

• Ukuklama nokuhlela isikhungo ngokwezifiso
• Usekelo lobuchwepheshe, ukulungiswa kanye nezibuyekezo
• Ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzisi nabaphathi
• Ukuhlanganiswa nezinhlelo zamakhompyutha, amanethiwekhi kanye ne-CRM
• Ukuthengiswa nokufakwa kwehadiwe ekhethekile (amakhadi e-FXO/FXS, amafoni e-IP, amasango…)

I-Digium ithuthukisa ngisho nezixazululo zehadiwe nezentengiselwano, njenge-Asterisk Business Edition, egxile ekusekelweni kwezinga eliphezulu.

Izinguqulo, imijikelezo yokuphila, kanye nezibuyekezo

I-Asterisk inomjikelezo wenguqulo ohlelwe kahle, okuhlanganisa amagatsha okusekela isikhathi eside (i-LTS) kanye nezinguqulo ezijwayelekile. Izibuyekezo zifaka izici ezintsha, ama-patches, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokuphepha.

Izinguqulo ezifanele kakhulu amagatsha angu-16, 17 (ajwayelekile), 13, 12 kanye nezinguqulo zangaphambilini ezifana no-1.8 noma u-1.4, kodwa kunconywa ukukhetha amagatsha e-LTS ukuze uthole ukuphepha okukhulu nokuzinza.

Ukucushwa, amafayela okhiye nama-API

Ukucushwa okuyisisekelo kungenziwa ngokuhlela amafayela noma ngokusebenzisa izixhumi ezibonakalayo. Amafayela amakhulu yilawa:

• i-sip.conf: Ukucushwa kwetheminali ye-SIP
• izandiso.conf: Uhlelo lokudayela kanye nemithetho yokuqondisa
• i-voicemail.conf: Ukuphathwa kwevoyisimeyili
• i-asterisk.conf: Isakhiwo sangaphakathi kanye nemizila yesistimu
• izici.conf: Ukusetha imisebenzi nezinqamuleli

Ama-API akuvumela ukuthi wandise imisebenzi, njenge:

• I-API yokuphathwa kwe-codec
• I-Channel API yokuphatha ukuxhumana nezingcingo
• I-API yokurekhoda nokudlala amafayela alalelwayo
• I-API yemisebenzi eyenziwe ngokwezifiso kusetshenziswa i-AGI

Ukusebenzisa i-AGI kunikeza ukulawula okuthuthukisiwe kokuqondisa kanye nokuphathwa kwezingcingo, okusiza ukuhlanganiswa okuyinkimbinkimbi.

Izizathu zokukhetha i-Asterisk yenkampani noma iphrojekthi yakho

Uma ufuna ipulatifomu eqinile, eguquguqukayo, neyongayo enokusekelwa komphakathi, i-Asterisk iyindlela enconywa kakhulu. Nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwayo kudinga ukutshalwa kwezimali ekuqeqeshweni noma ekubonisaneni, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi inikeza ukonga izindleko, ukulawula okuphelele kanye namathuba okwenza ngokwezifiso.

Ukukhetha i-Asterisk kusho ukukhetha ukuzimela kwezobuchwepheshe, ukusungula izinto ezintsha okuqhubekayo, kanye nokuba nohlelo oluphephile noluhlolwayo. Ukuhambisana namapulatifomu amaningi kanye nezindawo ezixubile kwenza ukusetshenziswa kwayo kube okuguquguqukayo futhi okuvumelana nezidingo ezahlukene.

Ukukhetha lokhu njengeplatifomu yakho yokuxhumana kungamelela ushintsho oluhlelekile, okuvumela izinhlangano zabo bonke osayizi ukuthi zilawule ngokuphelele ingqalasizinda yazo yocingo, zihlanganise izwi nedatha, zinciphise izindleko uma kuqhathaniswa nezixazululo ezivaliwe, futhi zizuze emphakathini womhlaba wonke oqhuba ukuvela kohlelo. Uhlobo lwayo oluguquguqukayo, oluguquguqukayo, nolungabizi kakhulu luyenza ibe ngenye yezimali zobuchwepheshe ezihlakaniphe kakhulu zokuzulazula enkathini yedijithali.

Umhlahlandlela othuthukisiwe wekhebula le-UTP: ukuthi liyini, lisebenza kanjani, izinhlobo, izigaba nokuthi ungayikhetha kanjani